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To let you do something
Some people believe that a cat can learn to Meow at a human to let him do something such as bringing food. Those people claim that cats Meow when a human fails to understand their body language or the messages they are trying to send to a human.
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Feels Pain
A cat can Meow if it feels pain. Some medical conditions result in excessive meowing. In such a case the cat has to be checked by a veterinarian.
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Getting attention
Some cats can meow if they wanted more attention from their owners or if they felt like they want to play.
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Anxiety
Cats can Meow when they feel anxious. This can happen when their surroundings change or when they are taken to new places.
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To signal for a mate
Females Cats can Meow when they are ready for mating to Signal male cats. (See Why Do Cats Love Catnip?)
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Hunger
Cats Can Meow when they are hungry. Some cats learned to Meow when they see their plates empty. Meowing in such a case can be a demand for humans to feed them.
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Aging
As cats get old their cognitive functions weaken and can Meow a lot for no reason.
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New cat in the Neighborhood
A cat can Meow more often if a new cat appeared in the Neighborhood. This can be either a sign of happiness or dissatisfaction.
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Just saying Hi
A cat can Meow just to say Hi or make its presence clear.
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Kittens ask for help
Kittens Meow to their mothers when they feel cold or hungry. After they grow up they usually stop Meowing to other cats.
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To get in or out
Cats can Meow if they want to be moved in or out of a place. It’s their way of getting human attention to their need. (See Why do Cats always land on their feet?)
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To complain
Cats can Meow to complain to humans about something that has happened. For example giving the cat a food that it doesn’t like can result in Meowing.
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Loneliness
Cats do feel lonely as well. If the cat spends too much time alone then it can Meow out of loneliness.
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Meowing varies by breed
Some Cat Breeds Meow much more than others. Siamese cats for example are known for excessive Meowing.