Video Summary: What explains the rise of humans? By Yuval Noah Harari

Yuval said that 70,000 years ago, humanity's impact on the world wasn't greater than that of jellyfish, fireflies or woodpeckers. And today, in contrast, humanity controls the planet and he asks why is that so.

Yuval said we compare ourselves to others and other species but there is really not much difference that makes us superior to dogs, pigs, or chimpanzees.

Yuval said we control the planet because we are the only beings that can cooperate both flexibly and in very large numbers. He says that, for example, there's only one way a beehive can function, and if a new danger occurs, the bees cannot reinvent their social system overnight, but we can.

Yuval said some social mammals like wolves, elephants, dolphins and chimpanzees can cooperate much more flexibly, but in smaller numbers. This is because cooperation among chimpanzees is based on intimate knowledge of one another.

Yuval said how 1,000 humans can cooperate much easier than 1,000 chimpanzees. He also said that trying to put 100,000 chimpanzees in Wembley Stadium would result in complete chaos.

Yuval said that huge achievements throughout history such as building the pyramids and flying to the moon, have been based on humanity's ability to cooperate flexibly in big numbers.

Yuval said that humanity's cooperation is not always nice and he mentions examples of prisons, slaughterhouses and concentration camps as being systems of cooperation.

Yuval said our imagination is the answer as to what exactly enables us to cooperate flexibly. He said that we create and believe fictions, fictional stories, and everybody obeys and follows the same rules, norms and values.

Yuval said animals use communication only to describe reality as it is now; they don't imagine scenarios. He said that millions of people cooperate over religious ideas and that this system underlies all other forms of mass-scale human cooperation.

Yuval said that human rights, politics and economy are based around fictional values - subjective rights, borders and states, legal business bodies. For example, companies and money; a piece of paper. He says you can see the mountain, touch it and smell it but you cannot do the same with a state.

Yuval said we live in a dual reality, while animals live in an objective reality. He said as the history of people unraveled, fictional reality became the most powerful force of all.

Yuval said that the very survival of rivers, trees, lions and elephants depends on the decisions and wishes of fictional entities, like the United States, Google, World Bank - entities that exist only in our fictional reality.

Yuval finished by talking about his new book he's translating to English. The book will focus on a possibility that most future humans will divide into different biological castes - a useless majority and the few rich ones who will be upgraded to virtual gods.